Thin section MRI in multidisciplinary pre-operative decision making for patients with rectal cancer
Abstract
High spatial resolution MRI of the rectum is an accurate method of staging rectal cancer. The technique requires attention to detail so that correct planes and scan parameters are used to obtain the best images. A detailed understanding of the pathological features of these tumours is required for image interpretation so that prognostic information beyond the basic T and N staging of the tumour can be obtained. Use of standardized criteria for reporting is reproducible in the multicentre setting and pre-operative multidisciplinary discussion of the MRI features increases the number of operations performed with tumour-free resection margins.
References
1 Brown G, Radcliffe AG, Newcombe RG, Dallimore NS, Bourne MW, Williams GT. Preoperative assessment of prognostic factors in rectal cancer using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Surg 2003;90:355–64.
2 Burton S, Daniels IR, Brown G, Stellakis M, Chau I, Swift I, et al. Evaluation of the role of MRI in staging rectal cancer within the multidisciplinary team setting. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:3611.
3 Brown G, Daniels IR, Richardson C, Revell P, Peppercorn D, Bourne M. Techniques and trouble-shooting in high spatial resolution thin slice MRI for rectal cancer. Br J Radiol 2005;78:245–51.
4 What is the Government doing to improve outcomes for patients with bowel cancer? Colorect Dis 2004;6:521–4.
5 Heald RJ, Moran BJ, Brown G, Daniels I. Optimal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer is in front of Denonvilliers Fascia. Br J Surg 2004;91:121–3.
6 Adam IJ, Mohamdee MO, Martin IG, Scott N, Finan PJ, Johnston D, et al. Role of circumferential margin involvement in the local recurrence of rectal cancer. Lancet 1994;344:707–11.
7 Hall NR, Finan PJ, al-Jaberi T, Tsang CS, Brown SR, Dixon MF, et al. Circumferential margin involvement after mesorectal excision of rectal cancer with curative intent. Predictor of survival but not local recurrence? Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41:979–83.
8 Tepper JE, O'Connell MJ, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, Compton C, Benson AB, et al. Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:157–63.
9 Nagtegaal ID, van Krieken JH. The role of pathologists in the quality control of diagnosis and treatment of rectal cancer-an overview. Eur J Cancer 2002;38:964–72.
10 Birbeck KF, Macklin CP, Tiffin NJ, Parsons W, Dixon MF, Mapstone NP, et al. Rates of circumferential resection margin involvement vary between surgeons and predict outcomes in rectal cancer surgery. Ann Surg 2002;235:449–57.
11 Brown G, Davies S, Williams GT, Bourne MW, Newcombe RG, Radcliffe AG, et al. Effectiveness of preoperative staging in rectal cancer: digital rectal examination, endoluminal ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging? Br J Cancer 2004;91:23–9.
12 MERCURY. MRI predicts surgical resection margin status in patients with rectal cancer: results from the MERCURY Study Group. Proceedings of The Radiological Society of North America 90th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting, 2004:434.
13 Tang R, Wang JY, Chen JS, Chang-Chien CR, Tang S, Lin SE, et al. Survival impact of lymph node metastasis in TNM stage III carcinoma of the colon and rectum. J Am Coll Surg 1995;180:705–12.
14 Brown G, Richards CJ, Bourne MW, Newcombe RG, Radcliffe AG, Dallimore NS, et al. Morphologic predictors of lymph node status in rectal cancer with use of high-spatial-resolution MR imaging with histopathologic comparison. Radiology 2003;227:371–7.
15 Koh DM, Brown G, Temple L, Raja A, Toomey P, Bett N, et al. Rectal cancer: mesorectal lymph nodes at MR imaging with USPIO versus histopathologic findings–initial observations. Radiology 2004;231:91–9.
16 Hida J, Yasutomi M, Fujimoto K, Maruyama T, Okuno K, Shindo K. Does lateral lymph node dissection improve survival in rectal carcinoma? Examination of node metastases by the clearing method. J Am Coll Surg 1997;184:475–80.
17 Marr R, Birbeck K, Garvican J, Macklin CP, Tiffin NJ, Parsons WJ, et al. The modern abdomino-perineal excision: the next challenge after total mesorectal excision. Ann Surg 2005;242:74–82.
18 Talbot IC, Ritchie S, Leighton MH, Hughes AO, Bussey HJ, Morson BC. Spread of rectal cancer within veins. Histologic features and clinical significance. Am J Surg 1981;141:15–7.
19 Shirouzu K, Isomoto H, Kakegawa T, Morimatsu M. A prospective clinicopathologic study of venous invasion in colorectal cancer. Am J Surg 1991;162:216–22.
20 Ouchi K, Sugawara T, Ono H, Fujiya T, Kamiyama Y, Kakugawa Y, et al. Histologic features and clinical significance of venous invasion in colorectal carcinoma with hepatic metastasis. Cancer 1996;78:2313–7.
21 Inomata M, Ochiai A, Sugihara K, Moriya Y, Yamaguchi N, Adachi Y, et al. Macroscopic features at the deepest site of tumour penetration predicting liver metastases of colorectal cancer. Jap J Clin Oncol 1998;28:123–8.
22 Sternberg A, Amar M, Alfici R, Groisman G. Conclusions from a study of venous invasion in stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2002;55:17–21.
23 Merkel S, Mansmann U, Siassi M, Papadopoulos T, Hohenberger W, Hermanek P. The prognostic inhomogeneity in pT3 rectal carcinomas. Int J Colorectal Dis 2001;16:298–304.
24 Harrison JC, Dean PJ, el-Zeky F, Vander Zwaag R. From Dukes through Jass: pathological prognostic indicators in rectal cancer [see comments]. Human Pathol 1994;25:498–505.
25 Jass JR, Love SB. Prognostic value of direct spread in Dukes' C cases of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1989;32:477–80.
26 Jass JR, Atkin WS, Cuzick J, Bussey HJ, Morson BC, Northover JM, et al. The grading of rectal cancer: historical perspectives and a multivariate analysis of 447 cases. Histopathology 1986;10:437–59.
27 Sauer R. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant radiotherapy and concurrent radiochemotherapy for rectal cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2002;8:7–17.
28 Chau I, Brown G, Tait D, Ross PJ, Tebbutt N, Wotherspoon A, et al. A multidisciplinary approach using twelve weeks of neoadjuvant Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin followed by synchronous chemoradiation (CRT) and total mesorectal excision (TME) for MRI defined poor risk rectal cancer. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2005 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium 2005:Abstract 163.
29 Chau I, Allen M, Cunningham D, Tait D, Brown G, Hill M, et al. Neoadjuvant systemic fluorouracil and Mitomycin C prior to synchronous chemoradiation is an effective strategy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2003;88:1017–24.